![]() ![]() Connectivity of features in microlens array reduction photolithography: generation of various patterns with a single photomask. Focusing in microlenses close to a wavelength in diameter. Biologically inspired artificial compound eyes. Microlens arrays with integrated pores as a multipattern photomask. Adaptive liquid microlenses activated by stimuli-responsive hydrogels. Inspirations from biological optics for advanced photonic systems. Calcitic microlenses as part of the photoreceptor system in brittlestars. Radiationless electromagnetic interference: evanescent-field lenses and perfect focusing. Fabrication of micrometer-size glass solid immersion lens. Sub-diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver superlens. Far-field optical hyperlens magnifying sub-diffraction-limited objects. Magnifying superlens in the visible frequency range. Such spherical nanolenses provide new pathways for lens-based near-field focusing and high-resolution optical imaging at very low intensities, which are useful for bio-imaging, near-field lithography, optical memory storage, light harvesting, spectral signal enhancing, and optical nano-sensing. This in turn results in near-field magnification that is able to resolve features beyond the diffraction limit. These nanolenses, in contrast to geometrical optics lenses, exhibit curvilinear trajectories of light, resulting in remarkably short near-field focal lengths. Here we report near-field high resolution by nanoscale spherical lenses that are self-assembled by bottom-up integration 7 of organic molecules. As for submicrometre-scale or nanoscale objects, standard geometrical optics fails for visible light because the interactions of such objects with light waves are described inevitably by near-field optics 6. However, the resolution obtained using geometrical lens-based optics without such excitation schemes remains limited by Abbe’s law even when using the immersion technique 5, which enhances the resolution by increasing the refractive indices of immersion liquids. Recently, it has been demonstrated that this limit can be overcome by lensing effects driven by surface-plasmon excitation 1, 2, 3, and by fluorescence microscopy driven by molecular excitation 4. It is well known that a lens-based far-field optical microscope cannot resolve two objects beyond Abbe’s diffraction limit.
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